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Compulsive buying disorder
Compulsive buying disorder (CBD), or oniomania (from Greek ὤνιος ''ṓnios'' "for sale" and μανία ''manía'' "insanity"〔OMD. (2000, March 5). Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?oniomania〕), is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to Kellett and Bolton (2009, p. 83), compulsive buying "is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity (is ) typically prompted by negative affectivity" and results in "gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties".〔Kellett, S., & Bolton, J. V. (2009). Compulsive buying : A cognitive-behavioural model. ''Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy'', 16, 83–99.〕 Most people with CBD meet the criteria for an axis II disorder. Compulsive shopping may be considered an impulse control disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, a bipolar disorder,〔April Lane Benson/Marie Gengler, "Treating Compulsive Buying" in Robert H. Coombs, ''Handbook of Addictive Disorders'' (2004), p. 455〕 or even a clinical addiction, depending on the clinical source.
Shopping as a mood lifter may be an adaptive behavior if no compulsion is involved; it has jokingly been called retail therapy. But like opioid use, it can be either a therapy or an addiction, depending on whether it is adaptive or maladaptive.
==History==
Emil Kraepelin originally described oniomania over a century ago,〔(Donald W. Black, 'A review of compulsive buying disorder' )〕 and he and Bleuler () both included the syndrome in their influential early psychiatric textbooks.〔R. J. Frances et al., ''Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders'' (2005) p. 315〕 However little interest was taken in CB until the 1990s,〔(Black )〕 and even in the 21st century compulsive shopping can be considered a barely recognised mental illness.〔Jon E. Grant/S. W. Kim, ''Stop Me Because I Can't Stop Myself'' (2004) p. 16〕
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